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VOL. 11, ISSUE 1 (2026)
Solar-and photon-induced catalytic carbonization of palm oil sludge into mesoporous activated carbon for water purification and oral care formulations
Authors
Benedict Ugboji Ngang, Chinenye Ozougwu Nnenna
Abstract
A sustainable, low-temperature solar-driven photocatalytic approach for
converting palm oil waste sludge (POWS) into high-surface-area mesoporous
activated carbon (AC) is reported. Heterostructured TiO₂–montmorillonite and
ZnO–montmorillonite composites were employed to mediate photon-induced
carbonization under solar, LED and UV irradiation below 120 °C. The resulting
carbon exhibited a BET surface area of 912 m²/g, pore volume of 0.71 cm³/g, and
methylene blue adsorption capacity of 356 mg/g. Langmuir and Freundlich
isotherm analyses indicated predominantly monolayer adsorption with
heterogeneous surface interactions. Antibacterial testing revealed moderate
inhibition of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting potential
oral hygiene applications. Life-cycle analysis demonstrated a >90 %
reduction in CO₂ emissions relative to conventional pyrolysis. The synthesized
AC demonstrates dual applicability in potable water purification and oral care
formulations, where mesoporosity, surface functionality, and biocompatibility
are critical. This study presents a scalable, energy-efficient strategy
integrating semiconductor photocatalysis, clay templating, and biomass
valorization under a green chemistry framework.
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Pages:87-95
How to cite this article:
Benedict Ugboji Ngang, Chinenye Ozougwu Nnenna "Solar-and photon-induced catalytic carbonization of palm oil sludge into mesoporous activated carbon for water purification and oral care formulations". International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, Vol 11, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 87-95
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